International Business Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

International Business Management - Essay Example This essay stresses that the Argentina market fit very well with Continental’s business strategy. Basically, the core business strategy of Continental is based on its continuous growth strategy. Continental’s expansion program enables the company to maximize the distribution of its operating costs within a specific geographic area. The said expansion strategy enables the company to have the power to offer competitive market prices to its target subscribers. Even before its existing technology becomes obsolete, the management team behind Continental ensures that the company has already invested a large sum of money not only on new technologies but also in other non-traditional cable services like residential and commercial voice, video and data communications services. This paper makes a conclusion that given that Mr. Hostetter’s business strategy is based on being decisive and aggressive entry into new markets, the plan of Continental to enter into a joint-venture with Fintelco is very promising. For this reason, it is safe to conclude that Continental’s expansion approach is very much consistent with the business strategy of Mr. Hostetter. With regards to their concern with the significance of currency risk involved, the management team behind Continental should not be bothered with the fact that Fintelco’s revenues would be dominated in pesos while its liabilities, interest expense and programming costs would be dominated in US dollars since the exchange rate between the two countries has been pegged by the Argentine government.

The Bribery Scandal At Siemens AG Essay Example for Free

The Bribery Scandal At Siemens AG Essay Siemens, originated by Werner von Siemens and Johann Georg Halske in 1847, now is one of the top companies which major business area is electrical engineering, and has millions of employees and operations in around 190 countries in the whole world. However, in 2007, two former managers of Siemens AG were proved to be guilty by a German court. The court accused them for giving money from company to employees of Enel Spa and asking for contracts in return. Besides that, earlier in 2006, Siemens was convicted for bribing AUB which is a small union in order to receive the support from its policies. Numbers of the bribery scandals appeared in such a short pried of time, which led to a huge damage to the reputation of Siemens. Till December of 2008, Siemens AG has already agreed to pay more than â‚ ¬1 billion fine. Despite the fact that bribery is illegal in all countries, bribery starts to become a universal and morally acceptable phenomenon in recent years, and sometimes it is regarded as the only way to solving some problems. For example, companies in Mexico have to pay the postman monthly to prevent their mail missing. Besides that, in some developed countries, bribery cannot be avoided as well. For instance, several officials of the international Olympic Committee were fired because of accepting bribery for helping Salt Lake City to host the Winter Olympics in 2002. In this report, bribery and the case which is about the bribery scandal at Siemens AG will be discussed. It is certain that bribery is prohibited in law all over the world, whereas whether it is ethical or not depends on individuals. Although numbers of companies believed that bribery is only part of cost of doing business and it enables businessmen to get their contracts easier, bribery is illegal, unethical and cannot be considered as a cost of doing business. As author mentioned in our book, bribery fails three questions of ethical corporate actions. Firstly, bribery is an illegal act in all countries. Except for those local laws countries have, international codes of conduct for MNEs require multi-national enterprises that they should never pay bribes to any public authorities. For instance, Siemens in a company in German, so according to the local law of Germany, bribing is illegal. As a result, Siemens has to be punished. Secondly, bribery benefits the company  in a long term. Take the scandals of Siemens happened in 2007 as an example, two managers who used to work in Siemens admitted that they had paid â‚ ¬6 million to Enel which is an energy company in Italy , and they can get a gas turbine contrast valued at â‚ ¬450 million in return. In addition to the direct profit, Kley points out that the contrast also helps Siemens enter the Italian market during the court proceedings. Thirdly, any act of bribery cannot be told to the public. According to what Noonan said,† in no country do bribe takers speak publicly of their bribes, nor do bribe givers announce the bribes they pay as bribery is shameful.† To conclude, for these three reasons, bribery cannot be regarded as a cost of doing business, and it is illegal and unethical. Companies can win business contrasts without bribing which is conflict with the law by making their products better and providing more benefits to the host countries. To begin with, companies may invest that money which was used to bribe into investment and research in order to let their own products become more competitive. If a product has a competitive advantage, it is more likely to be chosen over other competitors. Then, contributing to the development of the economy of the host countries also helps multi-national enterprises get their contracts easier. Contributions include assistance in the development of a country in terms of employment, investment and import earnings without bringing negative effects on local companies, such as, making employees who work in local companies unemployed. With the bribery scandals came out, von Pierer who is the former supervisory board and Kleinfeld who was the CEO of Siemens had to quit their jobs. Critics felt that Kleinfeld should not be fired since he had carried two successful reforms which help turning Siemens into profitable. In spite of the fact that Kleinfeld did a good job during his two year tenure, he still has to be replaced in my opinion. First of all, Kleinfeld was widely accused and had a bad reputation. For one aspect, due to Kleinfeld’s failure of tracing the huge amounts of company asset and payment, the public start to complain and criticize Kleinfeld instead of showing their trust they used to have. For another aspect, a two-tier system of management is applied in every company in Germany. In this system, the relationship between labor representatives and management is also taken into consideration to evaluate the performance of a manager. However, what Kleinfeld had done during his venture was not acceptable by those  conservative and old employees. For example, as Jack Ewing shows in â€Å"Siemens’ Culture Clash†, Kleinfeld sold mobile phone production which is unprofitable to BenQ and he invested $8.6 billion to growing areas such as nuclear power and medical diagnostics in 2006. Although these actions help the stock price of Siemens increase by 26% during the time he was the CEO, Kleinfeld’s radical decisions result in his not being supported. To concluded, a good CEO should not only help a company benefited but also maintain a good relationship with the staff. In addition, Siemens needs a completely new beginning. According to the chairman said,† the leadership change had been made to give the company a clean break from the past.† Besides that, Loescher who is newly appointed has global background, well-known international reputation and upright characteristic. Apparently, the public are more likely to believe that Loescher can get through recent tough difficulties and take Siemens into a better future. In conclusion, Kleinfeld should be replaced by Loescher as Loescher has a better reputation, while the departure may also bring several negative impacts. Loescher needs to let himself be accepted by everyone in Siemens and adapt himself to the current situation of Siemens as soon as possible (Morgan Stanley analyst Ben Uglow). In fact, other German companies, included Volkswagen AG, Deutsche Telekom AG, were also reported to have unethical practice. However, it is obvious that Siemens is not just unfortunate to get caught. Bribe is not only Siemens’ fault but also because of the corrupt practices the Co-determination law or Mitbestimmung in German have. The Co-determination law is easily to cause argument between management and the labor representatives, and it also causes suspicion and exclusion between them. Just as the German government reported, laws should be modified to forbid regarding bribery charges as a cost of doing business. Besides that, Siemens which has numbers of offices all around the world can have a huge impact on local economies. In other words, large companies like Siemens have to take a moral stand since their acts are more likely to be viewed by the public. Instead of accepting bribery, Siemens should refuse to go along with bribery and other unethical acts. In order to prevent enterprises as Siemens bribing in the future, numbers of plans have to been carried out. Firstly, companies ought to have their own division whose function is to supervise all the staffs in the companies. If any bribery is found,  companies need to have their own regulation to solve these problems. Secondly, local laws in Germany seem to be out of date. The government needs to lay more emphasis on revising the local laws. Thirdly, countries should corporate with each other. Globalization start to be a new trend in this century and countries need to have a same standard to stop companies bribing. To sum up, this essay analyzes the case which is about the bribery scandal at Siemens AG. From this case, it is shown that bribery is not only illegal but also unethical. International codes of conduct for Multi-national enterprises have clearly ruled that bribery is a kind of illegal acts. Even if many countries ban briberies, there are still many companies regard the money which is used to bribe as a cost of doing business. Bribery may destroy the reputation of a company, and it may also cause distrust and unfairness among the staff in a company. In order to have a better future, the former CEO of Siemens Kleinfeld has to be replaced since the new CEO Loescher has a better background and reputation. How to maintain a good relationship with staffs, help Siemens become profitable and be more accepted by the public are the major difficulties Loescher has. Even though bribery exists in many companies, especially in multi-national enterprises, and the attitude companies shown on bribery start to change. Increasing numbers of companies start to notice that bribery cannot be accepted, and it must be thoroughly forbidden in the future.

The Invisible Man Book Report English Literature Essay

The Invisible Man Book Report English Literature Essay The novel begins in a town called Iping, where Griffin arrives at a local inn called The Coach and Horses. Griffin does not want anyone to know of his invisibility, and therefor wears large clothes that cover his whole body, as well as goggles and bandages that cover his whole face. The owner of the inn, Mrs. Hall, notices the odd apparel and inquires about it. The reader learns quickly, however, that Griffin likes to keep to himself and does not entertain Mrs. Hall with reason for his bandages and goggles. He informs her that he is an investigative reporter and has supplies that need to be shipped to the inn. To his dismay, she informs him that they would not arrive until the following day. When his possessions do finally arrive, they consist mostly of bottles and beakers. What he does with them is unknown to the rest of the town due to his extreme level of privacy and seclusion. Within only a few days of arrive in Iping, Griffin breaks into the house of Mr. Bunting, who is the town vicar. Although Mr. Bunting hears Griffin, he is unable to see him as Griffin is completely naked, making him entirely invisible. That same morning following the robbery, the inn keepers notice Griffins door is open and they enter the room. They notice that Griffins only clothes were on the floor, but Griffin was nowhere to be seen. As they are snooping through the room, inanimate objects begin to leap at them, eventually pushing them out of the room. Later, Mr. and Mrs. Bunting confront Griffin regarding the incident and demand rent money. Griffin eventually reveals to the townspeople that he is invisible. It is also learned 2 that Griffin had been the thief, but when the police try to capture Griffin, he strips off his clothes and runs away. Soon after escaping the town, Griffin runs into a bum by the name of Mr. Marvel. At first, Mr. Marvel believes he is hearing spirits and is scared. Griffin convinces Mr. Marvel that he is indeed invisible and forces Mr. Marvel to assist him. Together, they return to Iping and The Coach and Horses where Griffin steals some clothes while Mr. Marvel gets Griffins belongings. After the robbery, Mr. Marvel tries to run away from Griffin and tell the police what had happened. Mr. Marvel retreats to an inn in the town of Burdock. Griffin tries to break into the inn to get Marvel, but instead ends up getting shot and badly injured. Griffin finds a nearby house to break into to doctor his injuries. The house turns out to belong to Dr. Kemp, who Griffin had coincidentally gone to medical school with. Griffin gives insight into his life leading up until the time he turned himself invisible. He lists events and circumstances that led to him turning himself invisible. Griffin also explains to Dr. Kemp that he had planned to try and make himself visible again. Since that had failed, Gri ffin says he now plans on beginning a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Reign of Terrorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , where he would terrorize the entire country. Griffin desires for Dr. Kemp to help him, but Kemp realizes that Griffin is crazy and has no intention of helping him. Instead, Kemp alerts the police. When an officer arrives, Griffin beats up both Kemp and the officer and fleas the scene. Griffin decides that Kemp will now be the first person he kills during his Reign of Terror, and conveniently leaves a note for Kemp letting him know his plan. Kemp then devises a plan to capture the Invisible Man. While the plan is being delivered by one of Kemps servants, Griffin attacks her and steals the plans. Later, Griffin breaks into Kemps house yet again, this time to attack him. Kemp runs from his home to town. There he alerts a man of what is going on. People in the town realize what is happening, and when Griffin attempts to kill Kemp, the townspeople beat Griffin to death. There are several themes that can be derived from the novel. However, the most relevant appears to be the theme of intolerance. Clearly, being invisible made Griffin different from everyone assumed the worst of him and reject him as a person who needs help. Instead of trying to understand the situation and attempt to help Griffin, the townspeople simply made the situation worse. Eventually Griffin can no longer withstand the rejection, which causes his already fragile mental state to break down, leaving him feeling so much hate for everyone, to the point where he comes up with his Reign of Terror idea. Another theme is rational, logical thinking. Many characters, whether it be the townspeople or Griffin, display a lack of reasonable thought process. As previously mentioned, the townspeople dont give much thought to what they will do to Griffin; they simply want him gone and out of their hair. Griffin also doesnt seem to make the smart choice when it comes to how he handles his invisibility. Instead of taking credit for creating a substance that turns him invisible, he tries to hide and undo it. Had he made it a positive thing instead of a shameful thing to hide, he may have been more successful in life. In conclusion, The Invisible Man is a book that failed to truly capture my attention and certainly didnt stand out in comparison to other novels that I have read. However, it does contain a unique story plot as well as themes and morals that can be learned from if one takes the time to study and apply them to everyday life.

The Traitor :: Star Trek Essays Papers

The Traitor Despite the episode's title, The Defector is a story about a traitor. I can not agree that Admiral Jarok is any way but parenthetically defecting to the Federation -- he demonstrates love for his country and his people on several occasions. Instead I feel that he is a reluctant traitor motivated by personal rather than political reasons. The difference between the terms is subtle, but important: the term 'defector' should not imply traitorous crime, nor should the term 'traitor' imply defection. The term 'defector' is used to describe a person who has joined another country for ideological reasons. Defection is a political term and is only used to describe knowing and voluntary relocation due to ideological motivations. Someone's ideology is their overall view of or attitude toward life: their outlook, credo, or philosophy. (Nisus Dictionary.) A group of Zendik socialists, for example, defect from the United States when they move to Canada in protest against the market economy. A traitor, on the other hand, actively and knowingly participates in a decision or event that will harm his or her country. There are two important differences between these terms. First, the definition of traitor is non-specific when it comes to motivation. A traitor might betray his country for money, for love, for fame, or, certainly but not necessarily, for ideological reasons. Second, a defector is explicitly choosing to change geographical location in harmony with his ideals. The definition of a traitor does not include any reference to location, although a traitor may be exiled or he may -- additionally -- defect. (Kidder.) Since a defector is motivated by his ideology -- that is, an intellectual apprehension of his concepts of Right and Wrong -- his rejection of his country is both fundamental (starting at the most basic levels) and (therefore) complete. This understanding of the term can not include Admiral Jarok. Throughout the episode Jarok expresses love for his country in poignant ways. He shares reminiscent thoughts about Romulan Ale and the Romulan landscape with Data. More importantly he expresses his approval for at least one of the warlike maneuvers of his government. When he is brought into sickbay at the beginning of the episode Dr. Crusher makes obscure references to a previous medical situation following a Romulan military conflict. Obviously angry, Jarok interrupts her to place the blame on the Klingons, a Federation ally. (The Defector.) If Jarok were truly planning to defect it seems reasonable that he would be bitter, cynical, and disapproving of his country, not wistfully longing for it or defending it.

Buddhism in East Asia Essay

Many people will choose Confucianism as the most important factor in understating East Asian culture. Confucianism, indeed, is crucial in understanding the culture. However, one should not overlook the influence of Buddhism on Confucianism and many areas of East Asian culture. Buddhism, one of the world’s oldest religions and a philosophy, is shared by East Asian countries, thus in order to fully appreciate the East Asian culture, one should learn about Buddhism and its significant influence on the culture. This paper will discuss Buddhism shared by East Asian culture and how the religion played an enormous role in shaping the mindset of people affecting their culture. Buddhism started approximately in the 6th century BCE, starting with the birth of the Buddha in India. The religion then spread through Central Asia, East Asia, and Southeast Asia (Keown). Among many branches of Buddhism, Mahayana has been diffused from first west, north, and east throughout East Asia (Skilton). The fundamental principles of Mahayana are liberation from suffering and the belief in the existence of Bodhisattva. Bodhisattva is someone who achieved Nirvana, the state of being free from both suffering and the cycle of rebirth (Keown). One can find a carved wood elongated figure of Bodhisattva Guanyin (1999. 13. 0003) from Spurlok Museum, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL . In this wooden figure, Guanyin is barefoot with hair wrapped in knot, wears ornate robes and holds a basket with flowers (Spurlock Museum). One can also find a photo of Bronze Seated Buddha in National Museum at Kyongbok-Kung, Seoul, South Korea (1986. 27. 0017) in Spurlock Museum . These are an important artifact and a photo because one can easily find very similar artifacts of Guanyin or Buddha in China, Korea, and Japan. It shows one how Buddhism was shared by East Asian countries (Yu). Upon first encountering Buddhism, many Chinese scholars regarded it as merely a foreign religion. This caused Buddhism to transform itself into a system that could co-exist within the Chinese way of life. Thus, filial devotion, one of the most valued by Confucianists, in Buddhist teachings became the core texts in China. It further strengthened the Confucian value by claiming that the salvation of an individual was a benefit to the society and family. Therefore, Buddhism could spread well in the Chinese population (Chen). From this point, Buddhism spread to Korea and Japan, and Buddhist ideology began to merge with Confucianism. This caused many Confucian scholars to redefine Confucianism as Neo-Confucianism (Chen). While Neo-Confucianism adapted Buddhist ideas, many Neo-Confucianists strongly opposed Buddhism. Nonetheless, Buddhism offered Confucianism important ideas such as the nature of the soul and the relation of the individual to the cosmos, ideas not explored by Confucianism (Chen). Again, Neo-Confucianism was spread through Korea and Japan, and they were all deeply influenced for more than half a millennium (Chen). Moreover, many other indigenous religions and philosophical systems in East Asia integrated the ideas and teachings of Buddhism, so it came to be a natural part of living. In conclusion, the teachings of Buddhism not only influenced in shaping the mindset of East Asian people, but also affected their philosophy of life.

History Essay

History Essay The first thing you should do when writing a history essay is to  study  the question very attentively and get its meaning. It may seem too obvious, but still, most history essays are off the point. The  thesis  is almost the main thing in your history essay. Usually, you may come across this term in other kinds of essays, but when it comes to history essay it is a real thesis. It should not be the assumption of your idea, or opinion or argument. It should be your thesis. Pay attention to the  logical arrangement of your essay. Bear in mind, that it is beneficial to stick to the common essay structure: Introduction Body Conclusion Try to do your best to make the introduction of your history essay straightforward and convincing. Here you should introduce your thesis and reveal the course you are going to take. Using general or specific terms present the point you were intended to prove in your essay. The body is the part of your essay where you have to reveal the facts to support your thesis (to give validity to your thesis). You may arrange the body of your historic essay in the following ways: the chronological the categorical the stages of development In the conclusion, you have to sum up everything that was mentioned in the introduction and the body. You have to some extend to refresh all the main points that support your thesis. And some last tips to make your history essay a  successful one: use compact language. Assigned to write a history essay? Here is a great list of topics for your essay on history: History Essay Topics Having no idea of a topic to write on? Or having problems with composing your history essay?  Order your history essay online.

Math Symbols and What They Mean

Math Symbols and What They Mean Math symbols- often tiny, indecipherable, and seemingly random- are all-important. Some math symbols are Greek and Latin letters, dating back centuries to ancient times. Others, like the plus, minus, times, and division symbols seem to be mere notations on a paper. Yet, symbols in math are essentially the instructions that drive this area of academics. And, they have true value in real life. A plus sign () can tell you if you are adding cash to your bank account, while a minus sign (-) may indicate trouble ahead- that you are subtracting funds and possibly in danger of running out of money. Parentheses, which in English punctuation indicate that youre inserting a nonessential thought into the sentence- mean just the opposite in math: that you should work whatever is within those two punctuation marks first, and only then do the rest of the problem. Read on to see what the common math symbols are, what the represent, and why theyre important. Common Math Symbols Here is a list of the most common symbols used in mathematics. Symbol What It Represents + Adding sign: Often referred to as the plus sign or the addition sign - Subtracting sign: Often referred to as the minus sign x Multiplication sign: Often referred to as the times or times table sign à · Division sign: To divide = Equal sign | | Absolute value ≠  Not equal to ( ) Parenthesis [ ] Square brackets % Percent sign: Out of 100 ∑ Big sum sign: Summation √ Square root sign Inequality sign: Less than Inequality sign: Greater than ! Factorial ÃŽ ¸ Theta Ï€ Pi ≅ Approximately ∅ Empty set ∠  Angle sign ! Factorial sign ∠´ Therefore ∞ Infinity Math Symbols in Real Life You use math symbols more than you realize in all areas of your life. As noted above, the difference between a plus or minus symbol in banking can indicate whether youre adding a wealth of funds to your bank account or in withdrawing funds. If youve ever used a  computer accounting spreadsheet, you likely know that the big sum sign (∑) gives you an easy- indeed instant- way to add an endless column of numbers. Pi, which is  denoted by the Greek letter Ï€, is used throughout the world of math, science, physics, architecture, and more. Despite the origins of pi in the subject of geometry, this number has applications throughout mathematics and even shows up in the subjects of statistics and probability. And the symbol for infinity (∞)  not only is an important math concept, but it also suggests the infinite expanse of the universe (in astronomy) or the infinite possibilities that come from every action or thought (in philosophy).   Tips for Symbols Although there are more symbols in math that are indicated in this list, these are some of the more common ones. Youll often need to use HTML code in order for the symbols to show up online, as many fonts do not support the use of mathematical symbols. However, youll find most of these on the graphing calculator as well. As you progress in math, youll begin to use these symbols more and more. If you plan to study math, it will be well worth your time- and indeed save you an infinite (∞) amount of this valuable resource- if you keep this table of math symbols handy.

The significance of locale, criminality and sexuality in So I Am Glad by A.L. Kennedy The WritePass Journal

The significance of locale, criminality and sexuality in So I Am Glad by A.L. Kennedy Introduction The significance of locale, criminality and sexuality in So I Am Glad by A.L. Kennedy Introduction Certain themes prevail throughout much of Gothic literature. These include sexuality, the notion of the ‘other’, the uncanny, and the exploration of the ‘haunted house’. In AL Kennedy’s So I Am Glad, many of these themes are present. This paper will examine sexuality, criminality and locale in Kennedy’s novel.   It will argue that Jennifer, the protagonist, is an example of the ‘dangerous woman’ found throughout literature; that her sexuality is inextricably bound with notions of transgression and criminality. Finally, it will argue that locale, and particularly the notion of ‘home’ plays an integral role in the fabric of Kennedy’s text. Science fiction as a genre tends to be androcentric; within this framework female heroines with a more masculine persona are generally juxtaposed with ‘alien’ characters (Leitch, et. al. (Eds.), 2010: 81). The otherness of the alien symbolises the outsider, one who is cut off from heteronormative, white, male, middle-class society (Germana, 2010: 61). Jennifer is similarly removed from what is ‘normal’. In fact her vocation is that of a disembodied voice.   This removal is manifested when she is detached and absent from herself during masturbation, seeing own body as a sort of ‘other’ or alien presence: ‘I am a partner, I am one half of a larger, insane thing that flails and twists and flops itself together in ways far too ridiculous for daylight’ (Kennedy, 2000: 4).   In pleasuring herself, she is the ‘other’; she is ‘insane’ and ‘ridiculous’. This otherness points to something beyond hers elf that cannot be rationalised or understood; it illuminates an unsolved mystery that is a perpetual theme in Gothic literature (Khair, 2009: 31; Maturin and LeFanu in Punter (Ed.), 2001: 88). Jennifer is cut off from her body and her sexuality in acts of onanism, but she is most present when she assumes the violent, sadistic male persona of Captain Bligh, her male alter ego. The actual alien or other in the novel is Savinien, yet it is Jennifer who is an outsider through her sexual proclivities with her sexual partner, Steve.   Jennifer’s sexuality is that of the unnatural, masculinised woman. This resonates with a long tradition in Scottish culture and literature surrounding the ‘dangerous’ woman (Germana, 2010: 63).   Like Lady Macbeth, the quintessential dark feminine in literature, Jennifer unsexes herself to become something that is subversive to the traditional notion of womanhood. Instead of nurture or femininity, she personifies extreme aggression a nd violence through Captain Bligh.   A feminist interpretation would suggest that Kennedy here portrays the Female Gothic perspective, in overturning any preconceived notions of gender roles that the reader might possess; the complexity of Jennifer’s sexuality and draw to domination is appropriate for the Gothic genre, as it seeks to portray intricate concepts (Smith, 2007: 8). In literature the witch, or what Germana calls the ‘mad, bad and dangerous’ woman does not represent a hybrid sexuality. Rather, her female sexuality is subversive; it is portrayed as being monstrous.   This representation is closely connected to a fear of male castration. (Germana, 2010: 66)   The female is no longer passive and subject to the control of patriarchal domination and control; her body is terrifying and ‘monstrous’ now not because she herself is castrated, as Freud posited, but because she has the power to castrate a man.   It has been asserted that this vision of the ‘monstrous’ woman is a common theme throughout the literary canon as well as in modern literature, film and art (Seigneuret, (Ed.), 1988: 183). In So Am I Glad, Jennifer ultimately takes on the role of castrator with Steven in their sexual activities. He is bound to the table with his male genitalia removed from sight and rendered irrelevant. He assumes a female position and she stands over him with his own belt. The belt and the hard metal clasp are the relentless phallus that inflicts pain on Stevens exposed buttocks.   It is notable that pain itself is a recurring Gothic theme; like the Romantics, Gothic authors are fascinated with pain (Bruhm, 1994: xvi). As Jennifer represents the witch, or madwoman, Savinien, as a revenant, links themes of sexuality and death.   Ghosts inhabit a liminal space between the two worlds of life and death; they represent the desire to return to embodied state along with a pull towards self-annihilation. Jennifer’s disembodied voice and Savinien’s ghost mirror the dualistic nature of the text itself. Writing is itself a kind of wound, of damage, as well as an elegy of loss and mourning. Jennifer is, in the text, forming an elegy for Savinien, driven by loss and desire. The text itself echoes this desire and seduction; Kennedy establishes an intimacy with the reader through her use of the word ‘you’; barriers are brought down and reestablished, must as characters in the book appear and disappear, as an echo of the transience of the text, and of life itself (Germana, 2010: 142-3). Savinien’s embodiment of both desire and death act as an integral component within the text.   When he speaks of the connection between ‘la mort’, and ‘l’amour’, he indicates a tension between the immediacy of the body, or of a text, and the simultaneous separation and absence, the removal of the reader from the text, as the lover must inevitably be separated from the beloved (Hunter, 1984: 23). This is acknowledged when Jennifer notes, ‘†¦I knew the love he meant, the one that included darkness and loving on alone.’ (Kennedy, 2000: 232). There is also a close and integral connection between sexuality and criminality in So I Am Glad. This is in keeping with what Andrew Smith terms the ‘demands’ that modern literature, and particularly the Gothic genre, makes of readers. The reader must embark on a voyage through the complexities of refurbished mythologies. These mythologies highlight the moral ambiguity and vacu ity of modern existence (Ellis, 2001: 6). Gothic literature examines the erosion of values and expresses concerns about contemporary amorality. In contrast to modernism, which complemented the motif of the disintegrated self common to Gothic texts, post-modernism is even more appropriate within a Gothic framework; it questions the idea that the world is in any way coherent or rational. (Smith, 2007: 141). It is by transcending the limits of rational logic that the subtle nuances of human existence can be broached and deciphered. This amorality is demonstrated in Jennifer’s actions towards Steve. She is acutely aware that her actions are criminal, yet this crime is bound up in her own concept of the nature of love itself: Naturally, if you beat a man, you will eventually be looking not at him, but at what you have made of him.   But looking at him before you have caused enough change on that body, in that body, this may be a problem.   What will solve the problem beautifully and for ever will be the handcuffs –love, as I understand it.   Fix your man securely   and you need only look at him when you wish, you will already know where to strike (Kennedy, 2000: 94). Jennifer’s perpetration of a crime with Steven is an echo of an earlier crime; that of her parents towards her, when she is forced to act as unwilling sexual voyeur. Botting notes that ‘The child does not watch the primal scene by accident; s/he watches it as an effect of the parents’ letting it be seen. It is a making-see, an exhibition’ (Punter and Bronfen in Botting, F. (Ed.), 2001: 9-10).   The passive aggression of the parents is later made manifest in the adult child.   There is a violation here, and a violence that is a recurring motif in the modern Gothic. Contemporary Gothic literature cannot be separated from the idea of violation; it is concern with reconstituting a message or idea that has already been stained, spoiled or rendered impure.   The child’s perspective, as shown in So I Am Glad, is a frequent motif within the Gothic; it is also an example of the subject that has been violated yet is not conscious of the seductive trauma that has been absorbed (Elliott, 2004: 66). Sadism is the primary form of criminality and violation in the novel and is a recurring theme; Jennifer must submit to the violation of watching her parents’ intercourse; Steve is dominated by Jennifer; and Savinien exerts domination over two different dogs, and ultimately over James. It could additionally be argued that Savinien ultimately dominates Jennifer, in that she is unable to maintain her objective detachment and ‘calmness’ in the face of her experience of him.   Sadism and masochism are psychological readings of relationships in both the political and personal realms, and the theme of power and mastery is particularly resonant in Gothic literature.   Elements of submission, domination and power are essential factors in the ultimate Gothic tale (Thomson, Voller and Frank (Eds.), 2001: 369). Those elements are represented in a completely unrationalised manner, transcending the constraints of materiality which are part and parcel of modern literature. Gothic literature has a long tradition of an established relationship between a ghost and the space in which it haunts.   Scottish literature in particular is suited to this symbiosis; the ‘uncanny’ is inextricably linked to Scotland’s identity as the ‘other’, that place that is beyond the borders of the normative, that exists in a liminal space.   The sweeping, fluid geography of the Scottish Isles is indicative of the unbroken seam between the material and spiritual worlds; Scottish Gothic texts exhibit a similar continuity between the identity of the ghost character and the world in which they move (Germana, 2010: 135-6).   In So I Am Glad, the primary locale is structured around the notion of ‘home’. Notably, in discussing the uncanny, Freud argued that alienation and dispossession are integrally connected to notions of home, and that which is homely (Royle, 2003: 6). Therefore, a domestic locale is well suited to accommodate th e ghostly. Ratmoko points out that the etymology of the verb ‘to haunt’ is ‘to inhabit’.   Home is a place where one might find safety in which to capitalise on sensation, and to be in complete control of one’s environment (Ratmoko,  2005: 77). Kennedy explores this by underlining the notion of ‘home’ as going hand in hand with the development of Jennifer’s love for Savinien.   Early in the book Savinien recalls witnessing an eclipse as he walks home; the experience gives him a sense of his own corporeality and the terror of his existence. When Arthur manages to shake Savinien out of his deep depression, Jennifer finishes the account with ‘We went home then.’ (Kennedy, 2000: 195).   In this instance, home is resolution, shelter. As Savinien and Jennifer move into a full-blown relationship, home becomes a domestic place, or in Arthur’s words, ‘home sweet home’, full of Arthur’s baking and Savinien’s gardening (both traditionally feminine pursuits, which act as a foil to Jennifer’s more ‘masculine’ detachment) (Kennedy, 2000: 205).   Jennifer asks Savinien to plant a ‘Paradise Garden for little old us’, the ultimate home and refuge. Immediately afterwards, they make love: ‘We will be here again, at that first time in again, at that starting of being home, and rolling home, and finding home again.’ (Kennedy, 2000: 212). ‘Home’ is, of course, a house haunted by the revenant of Cyrano de Bergerac; yet for Jennifer that hauntedness is a being ‘in’, a living inside her ghostly lover (Mighall, 2003: 83). The surety of this ‘home’ is juxtaposed with constant uncertainty; the novel is full of people leaving home, disappearing, coming back again: Liz, Paul, Savinien, even Jennifer herself. She appears and disappears repeatedly; this is echoed by Arthur at the end of the novel when he comments that it will be nice to have her not ‘disappearing at all hours’.   Spirits or ghosts are spectres and illusions; the living are not permitted to keep hold of them, to possess or control them; the relationship between Savinien and Jennifer seems like â⠂¬Ëœhome’, but actually highlights the impossibility of true knowledge (Kennedy, 2000: 138). Ultimately, the ‘home’ or haunted house of their love is disrupted when Savinien goes to another ‘home’, the place of his death, Sannois. In conclusion, it can be stated that the author portrays the sexuality of the main character in an unconventional manner.   Jennifer’s female-oriented description of sexual acts as well as the use of her male alter ego are indicative of her willingness to transgress the boundaries imposed by the control mechanisms of patriarchal domination and control. The main character takes control of her sexuality through the element of monstrousness and her ability to be a castrator of men.   Her sexuality is neither masculine nor androgynous. Instead, it is the consummate representation of female power, embodied in Jennifer’s capacity to command the emotional and physical resources in order to carry out sadomasochistic practices. The depiction of desensitised sexual practices is linked to the criminality manifested in the amoral nature of modern existence. The individualistic complexities of the character underline the importance of moral ambiguity in the value system of the c haracter and society at large. Gothic literature has become a significant medium for the analysis of the erosion of values which give rise to the context of contemporary amorality. . Gothic literature differentiates itself from modernist tendencies by discarding altogether the idea that the modern world is rational in any way whatsoever. The practices described by the author are therefore indicative of a willingness on the part of the main character to disengage from the world and to apply her own distorted system of values to her existence and interaction with others. In the uncanny concept of locale, home is a way of resolving the seemingly unsolvable complexities of existence.   It is a place where mundane activities offset the unconventionality of Jennifer’s sexual practices. In that context, it become as space for domestication as well as a geography of desire and mystery that elevates the main character. Home is the locale which juxtaposes the emptiness of sudden and continual departures and a place haunted by the ghosts of her own making. Bibliography Bruhm, S. (1994) Gothic Bodies: The Politics of Pain in Romantic Fiction, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, PA Elliott, A. (2004) Social Theory Since Freud: Traversing Social Imaginaries, Routledge, London Ellis, M. (2001) The History of Gothic Fiction, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh Germana, M. (2010) Scottish Womens Gothic and Fantastic Writing: Fiction Since 1978, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh Hunter, L. (1984) Rhetorical Stance in Modern Literature: Allegories of Love and Death, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke and New York, NY Kennedy, A. L. (2000) So I am Glad, Alfred Knopf, New York, NY Khair, T. (2009) The Gothic, Postcolonialism and Otherness: Ghosts from Elsewhere, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke and New York Leitch, V. et. al. (Eds.) (2010), The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism, W. W. Norton Company, New York, NY Maturin, C. and LeFanu, J.   (2001) Irish Gothic in Punter, D. (Ed.) A Companion to the Gothic, pp. 81-94, Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford Mighall, R. (2003) A Geography of Victorian Gothic Fiction: Mapping Historys Nightmares, Oxford University Press, Oxford Punter, D. and Bronfen, E. (2001) Gothic: Violence, Trauma and the Ethical in Botting, F., The Gothic, D.S. Brewer, Cambridge Ratmoko,  D. (2005)  On  Spectrality:  Fantasies  of  Redemption  in  the  Western  Canon, Peter Lang, New York, NY Royle, N. (2003) The Uncanny, Manchester University Press, Manchester Seigneuret, J. C. (Ed.) (1988) Dictionary of Literary Themes and Motifs: A-J, (Volume 1), Greenwood Press, Westport, CT Smith, A. (2007) Gothic Literature, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh Thomson, D., Voller, J. and Frank, F. (Eds.) (2001) Gothic Writers: A Critical and Bibliographical Guide, Greenwood Press, Westport, CT

Tourism in Mexico Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tourism in Mexico - Essay Example Mexico’s temperature and unique culture, which is a blend of European (predominantly Spanish) and Meso-American cultures, make good tourist attraction. Tourist season peaks during mid-summer, December, Easter holiday and Spring Break. Tourist season is not without brief surges over winter. WTTC notes that Mexico’s tourism consumer segment comprises mostly college and university students from the US and Canada. It indicates as well a burgeoning consumer segment of local tourists with the emergence of an affluent middle class in Mexico. Mission Statement According to Mexico’s Tourist Board, the mission statement is to elevate the country’s attractiveness to tourists through addressing a wide range of tourist needs. The goal is to make Mexico the leading leisure tourism destination through a comprehensive program of research, promotions, advertising, social media, public relations, Internet marketing, and other marketing strategies. Their mission statement al so includes promoting environmental sustainability under the auspices of the going green movement. (Wilkerson 47) Pillars of Tourism Mexico is endowed with enormous tourist resources ranging from historical artifacts and lavish beach resorts to geographical terrain and a unique culture. Mexico City, an ancient Meso-American city, is a major tourist attraction in itself with the National Museum of Anthropology and History, Metropolitan Cathedral and Mexican National Palace (Berger & Wood 78). On the Pacific coast lays Acapulco Bay and Cabo San Lucas, which are major tourist attraction sites. Sun bathers often frequent the beautiful beach resorts at the San Jose del Cabo, Baja California Sur stretching all the way Ixtapa and the Riviera Maya costal strip where they find the Playa del Carmen beach town. Meso-American ruins include "The Castle" of Chichen-Itza, which is one of the New Seven Wonders. Tourists have also expressed a growing curiosity to the unique culture especially as it relates to the love of football as a sport, mode of dressing and the unmatched traditional cuisine, which is an integral part of the Mexican culinary delights (World Economic Forum 1). Competitiveness Mexico emerges as a key player in the global tourism industry with its tourism sector registering an inflow of billions of dollars every year. The tourist competitiveness of any given country is a measure of the capacity of that country to create a higher proportionate growth rate and wealth capacity than other countries. Mexico’s competitiveness is thus the extent to which it can produce tourist services that overcome global market challenges under free and equitable market conditions while increasing the national income at home. In 2011, the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report, which included 139 major global tourist competitors, highlighted Mexico’s competitiveness under the auspices of the Travel and Tourism Competitive Index (World Travel and Tourism Council 1) . The TCCI is a measure of the factors that make a country a major tourist attraction by way of comparison of recent patterns and tourist trends and the factors responsible for such trends (Theobald 6). TCCI elaborates how these trends contribute to the tourism sector of the given country. Mexico’s Travel and Tourism

Legislative Activism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Legislative Activism - Research Paper Example icians use discriminations as platforms for change, sociologists and anthropologists look at culture based on interactions between people of different skin colors, and forms are filled out that consistently ask the question of skin color, the one belief that does not seem to be readily available to the American people is that skin color has no bearing on any display of differences between people who are born in the same region. The unfortunate consequence of believing that skin color is relevant to differences within the human species is that some people are subjugated while others gain a position of superiority that has no real basis. In researching this topic, the vision of a young child who saw people as ‘peach people’ and ‘brown people’ comes to mind his thoughts categorizing them in color groups, but without the insinuated ‘stereotypes’ that come from the concepts of ‘black’ and ‘white’. The consequence of categorization through false representations of color and implied attributes is that a perpetuation of ignorance influences the course of history within the Western world, and primarily within the United States. As a result, the United States has developed an arrogance about the rest of the world based upon the myth of the ‘average’ Caucasian in exchange for a frequent view from other cultures of the world that the United States has hubris and a false sense of superiority based upon prejudiced reactions to people of ethnicities that visually present differently than Caucasians. The issue of race is a persistent problem that invades every part of life that is associated with the legal system. Most, if not all, legal forms ask questions that pertain to race, despite the inaccuracy of the descriptions of skin color from which those forms categorize people. Race is merely a social grouping in which a culture has decided to divide people. That can be done through skin color as easily as it could be done through hair color or eye color.

Strategic management Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Strategic management - Research Proposal Example This is because Saudi Arabia encompasses the geographical scope of the area that was inhabited by the Prophet of Islam and the various activities he was involved in, during his life and the founding of Islam. Due to this, the King of Saudi Arabia has the title â€Å"Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques† (Ramady, 2010). This is primarily because Saudi Arabia controls the two holiest sites of Islam: Mecca and Medina. Saudi Arabia is an absolute monarchy that is controlled by the core principles of the Islamic faith (Niblock, 2006). The King of Saudi Arabia has an absolute power over activities in the kingdom and his decrees are obeyed without question (Bowen, 2008). This is necessary to preserve his authority as a major figurehead in the world of Islam. Also, the king has the right and power to appoint authorities to run the various public institutions of the kingdom (Roberts, 2007). Until the 1930s when oil was discovered in Saudi Arabia, education was mainly steeped in Islamic study and Islamic law (Roberts, 2007). By the 1940s, the need to acquire higher education institutions in Saudi Arabia was recognized by the King of Saudi Arabia (Abiur, 1988). This is because Saudi Arabia had two main options: to either rely on foreigners who had the skills or send their nationals to Europe, America or other nations with modern institutions of higher learning to get educated. This was seen as undesirable because it exposed Saudis to lifestyles that were not seen as complementary. In 1949, the King of Saudi Arabia commissioned the first college in Mecca but it was to operate a religious curriculum (Abir, 1988). A teacher training college was established in 1952 but the Ulama or religious elites controlled these institutions. Finally, in 1957, the King commissioned the University of Riyadh. Several universities and institutions of higher learning were opened after this. As Saudi public institutions, the universities are ran by authorities that are appointed by

Role of Remittances in Financial Market Development in The Countries Thesis Proposal

Role of Remittances in Financial Market Development in The Countries of The Gulf Cooperation Council - Thesis Proposal Example ess has been undertaken by the GCC countries and whether consistent and increased remittances outflow from these countries effectively contribute towards the financial development of the region. More specifically, this research aims to achieve following objectives: 1. To evaluate the overall process of financial market development in the GCC region. 2. Dependence of financial market development process on oil & other resources 3. Dependence of financial market development on the remittances. 4. How remittances can improve the financial development process within the region. The overall objective therefore is to comprehensively understand the process of financial market development, how oil resources are supporting it and what role remittances can play to strengthen and quicken the process of financial development within the region. This research study will also undertake a systematic historical review of the financial market development process also. Literature Review This literature review is divided into three parts i.e. first part will discuss the relationship between financial markets and economic growth, second part will explore the relationships between financial market development and remittances and finally a review of financial market development process in GCC will be discussed. Most of the existing literature on the topic is focused upon understanding the impact of remittances on the recipient countries however; very little emphasis has been placed on the impact on the host countries. Though literature have comprehensively covered the impact of immigrants on the host countries macroeconomic environment however, how the immigrant remittances are going to affect the macro-economy as well as financial market development still need to be explored in systematic... This research will focus upon exploring and understanding the link between remittances and financial market development in GCC region. Research studies suggest that the remittances can have an impact on the development of financial markets of host countries. Specifically, remittances can result into increase in competitiveness as well as reduction in the transaction costs for the consumers. By assisting institutions to become competitive by facilitating remitters through innovative product design and low costs, financial institutions can actually improve their own efficiency and develop in more sophisticated manner. With the introduction of technology, cost of sending remittances has reduced thus providing incentives to the remitters to use formal channels for the purpose of remitting money. GCC region is an oil rich region and its financial market development is necessary for its development and growth in long run. It is making development towards strengthening its financial markets by implementing common currency, monetary union as well as integration of its stock exchanges. Recently, remittances have formed one of the significant portions of the international capital flows. Financial liberalization has resulted into better capital flows with expat easily sending funds to their home countries. It is critical to understand that for developing countries especially remittances form a significant part of the international capital flows and is also one of the most important sources of foreign exchange for developing countries.

Support for hormone replacement therapy Assignment

Support for hormone replacement therapy - Assignment Example ormone replacement therapy is beneficial in the treatment of urogenital atrophy by decreasing vaginal epithelial pH and inducing the maturation of urethral mucosal and vaginal cells. Urogenital atrophy brings psychological trauma and as such, hormone replacement therapy is by extension beneficial in treating such psychological effects. Hormone replacement therapy is helpful in preventing and treating oral bone loss. This is a common problem in postmenopausal women and is associated with estrogen deficiency. There is evidence that hormone replacement therapy can help treat vision problems in elderly persons. Evidence suggests that hormone replacement therapy is important in reducing the occurrence of coronary heart disease (Hodis, 2008). One of the limitations of hormone replacement therapy is that it increases susceptibility to venous and pulmonary thromboembolism. However, this varies with the timing so that the risk of contracting venous thromboembolism is higher in the first year of treatment. Another limitation with hormone replacement therapy is that it increases the risk of developing breast cancer. The therapy also increases susceptibility to stroke especially ischaemic stroke. Evidence suggests that the use of estrogen-only hormone replacement therapy increases the risk of endometrial cancer. Hormone replacement therapy has a limitation of increasing the risk of ovarian cancer. The therapy causes bleeding in its users especially for the first three to six months (Billecia et. al., 2008). In light of the above benefits and limitations of hormone replacement therapy, I would support hormone therapy. I would support this therapy because it is a good treatment option for many medical conditions some of which may not have a better treatment option. Another reason why I would support this therapy is that continued research is increasingly discovering ways of improving its effectiveness and reduces its side effects. I would support the use of hormone replacement

Integrating Professional Engineering Experience - Analyse different Essay

Integrating Professional Engineering Experience - Analyse different managerial techniques to improve an engineering managerial e - Essay Example My professional counterpart, ASM Smith, agreed that our equipment SMEs would liaise with one another to ensure that all systems were in proper working order before making the equipment transfer. This type of inspection is common practice. However, lack of proper planning and the development of a workable operational strategy for the project ultimately led to conflict, uncertainty and replication of roles that should have been coordinated more efficiently to avoid duplicitous job roles. This essay examines a variety of different managerial techniques that could have improved the scenario illustrated by the reflective log so as to improve the managerial environment. Drawing on management theory and reflective learning theory, the essay provides a foundation for a more efficient and productive project management system whilst also challenging the concept of reflective learning. ... Both of the ranking professionals involved in the scenario believed that tasks associated with the project would be best handled utilising our own inspection and job coordination strategies. The informality of our original discussions about the project led to a breakdown of knowledge transfer that would have made the situation more efficient and scheduled according to a set timeline for completion. The bureaucratic and highly centralised structure of the military served as a catalyst for attitudes that involved self-protectionism, concern over reputation, and a highly political environment which complicated effective communications and coordination of resources and talent. In very political environments with this type of vertical structure, lack of transparency, lack of open communications, and self-protectionism tend to alienate other members of the organisation. A phenomenon referred to as a lack of psychological safety is created in this environment, leading to hazy communications systems and where members of the organisation become afraid to offer solutions and speak up (Terrell 1989). This is what occurred in the scenario, which ultimately led to frustration and a lack of motivation to be more forthcoming about establishing a more formal project management system. The political dynamics of our organisation also led to untrusting relationships whilst ASM Smith was concerned about protecting the reputation and senior-level perceived competency about following procedures and generally his role as an efficient manager and leader. Furthermore, since ASM Smith and myself had little professional experience working co-dependently, there was not the

Role of Remittances in Financial Market Development in The Countries Thesis Proposal

Role of Remittances in Financial Market Development in The Countries of The Gulf Cooperation Council - Thesis Proposal Example ess has been undertaken by the GCC countries and whether consistent and increased remittances outflow from these countries effectively contribute towards the financial development of the region. More specifically, this research aims to achieve following objectives: 1. To evaluate the overall process of financial market development in the GCC region. 2. Dependence of financial market development process on oil & other resources 3. Dependence of financial market development on the remittances. 4. How remittances can improve the financial development process within the region. The overall objective therefore is to comprehensively understand the process of financial market development, how oil resources are supporting it and what role remittances can play to strengthen and quicken the process of financial development within the region. This research study will also undertake a systematic historical review of the financial market development process also. Literature Review This literature review is divided into three parts i.e. first part will discuss the relationship between financial markets and economic growth, second part will explore the relationships between financial market development and remittances and finally a review of financial market development process in GCC will be discussed. Most of the existing literature on the topic is focused upon understanding the impact of remittances on the recipient countries however; very little emphasis has been placed on the impact on the host countries. Though literature have comprehensively covered the impact of immigrants on the host countries macroeconomic environment however, how the immigrant remittances are going to affect the macro-economy as well as financial market development still need to be explored in systematic... This research will focus upon exploring and understanding the link between remittances and financial market development in GCC region. Research studies suggest that the remittances can have an impact on the development of financial markets of host countries. Specifically, remittances can result into increase in competitiveness as well as reduction in the transaction costs for the consumers. By assisting institutions to become competitive by facilitating remitters through innovative product design and low costs, financial institutions can actually improve their own efficiency and develop in more sophisticated manner. With the introduction of technology, cost of sending remittances has reduced thus providing incentives to the remitters to use formal channels for the purpose of remitting money. GCC region is an oil rich region and its financial market development is necessary for its development and growth in long run. It is making development towards strengthening its financial markets by implementing common currency, monetary union as well as integration of its stock exchanges. Recently, remittances have formed one of the significant portions of the international capital flows. Financial liberalization has resulted into better capital flows with expat easily sending funds to their home countries. It is critical to understand that for developing countries especially remittances form a significant part of the international capital flows and is also one of the most important sources of foreign exchange for developing countries.

Integrating Professional Engineering Experience - Analyse different Essay

Integrating Professional Engineering Experience - Analyse different managerial techniques to improve an engineering managerial e - Essay Example My professional counterpart, ASM Smith, agreed that our equipment SMEs would liaise with one another to ensure that all systems were in proper working order before making the equipment transfer. This type of inspection is common practice. However, lack of proper planning and the development of a workable operational strategy for the project ultimately led to conflict, uncertainty and replication of roles that should have been coordinated more efficiently to avoid duplicitous job roles. This essay examines a variety of different managerial techniques that could have improved the scenario illustrated by the reflective log so as to improve the managerial environment. Drawing on management theory and reflective learning theory, the essay provides a foundation for a more efficient and productive project management system whilst also challenging the concept of reflective learning. ... Both of the ranking professionals involved in the scenario believed that tasks associated with the project would be best handled utilising our own inspection and job coordination strategies. The informality of our original discussions about the project led to a breakdown of knowledge transfer that would have made the situation more efficient and scheduled according to a set timeline for completion. The bureaucratic and highly centralised structure of the military served as a catalyst for attitudes that involved self-protectionism, concern over reputation, and a highly political environment which complicated effective communications and coordination of resources and talent. In very political environments with this type of vertical structure, lack of transparency, lack of open communications, and self-protectionism tend to alienate other members of the organisation. A phenomenon referred to as a lack of psychological safety is created in this environment, leading to hazy communications systems and where members of the organisation become afraid to offer solutions and speak up (Terrell 1989). This is what occurred in the scenario, which ultimately led to frustration and a lack of motivation to be more forthcoming about establishing a more formal project management system. The political dynamics of our organisation also led to untrusting relationships whilst ASM Smith was concerned about protecting the reputation and senior-level perceived competency about following procedures and generally his role as an efficient manager and leader. Furthermore, since ASM Smith and myself had little professional experience working co-dependently, there was not the

Court Issues Analysis Essay Example for Free

Court Issues Analysis Essay In discussions regarding court system issues, most tend to forget that crimes would not happen if there were proper societal values in place and those values were enforced. Society has shifted from a culture of marriage, family values and strong familiar bonds to a culture that cultivates a staggering divorce rate, single mothers with many children born out of wedlock with little to no income. A culture that is has no patriarchal figure to lead and teach the children right from wrong aids and abets a systematic control of the poor and minorities. Instead of encouraging the pursuit of education, society encourages the pursuit of false hope and dreams through get rich quick methods that essentially remove the rights of those who chose to pursue criminal behavior. Most are imprisoned due to criminal activity and having no fatherhood figure themselves, there is no sense of value to one’s life. This loss of the father figure not living in the home, especially in the African American and Hispanic communities, has a negative outcome not only in the community, but on society as a whole. Without the complete family unit to provide guidance, encourage the children to stay in school and avoid criminal activity, or to become a productive member of society; then our court systems will continue to provide severe punishment for minor crimes and negative social behaviors when the court should offer solutions to preventative crime and supportive services to those families whose members are involved in the vicious cycle of incarceration. Victims’ assistance programs should also support the families of the criminal, as well as the providing treatment programs and assistance to those. The majority of innovation and changes made to the court system over the past 30 years have been tested and administered in urban locales or focused on suburban jurisdictions, where a bulk of the financial resources are given due to the larger population. Rural areas tend to have much larger geographic locales, smaller populations and limited legal, social and health services to assist the general public; this can provide a challenge for rural courts. With the lack of specialized justice practitioners and service providers, rural court jurisdictions tend to work closer with the community when handing out sentencing and punishment. Research conducted by the Justice Management Institute suggests six areas where the criminal justice system needs improvement, after some review I have combined them into the four topics below. Improvement of Court Practices and Procedures for Indigent Litigants The first thing the courts need to work on is improving practices and procedures for self-represented defendants. This includes proper caseload management, administrative management techniques that are informative and efficient so that no cases or indigent defendants become ‘lost’ within the incarceration process and are given the right to due process. In order for the aforementioned to work there would have to be an upgrade to the current indigent defense services that are available to defendants. This includes public defenders that are compensated with good salaries and other support needed to manage caseloads; making them more prepared to battle for their client’s freedom instead of plea-bargaining an agreement. One change that should be made is the building of informative websites that provide information about the court system and the types of cases that are handled by jurisdiction. Providing the public with listings of case statuses and docket information can be helpful for pro bono attorney looking for clients to represent, and having detailed information and the proper forms that would be needed for a person to represent oneself in court; can help disperse the caseload. The development of performance standards and methods for supervising attorneys, assigned counsel, and court officials will ensure that courtroom behavior is ethical and in favor of the defendants. Enhanced Technology and Information Management The enhancement of technology is another area of concern regarding court administration today. Modernization of older court buildings with upgrades to newer security features, such as video cameras and weapon detection systems, can offer a greater sense of security for the public and those involved in the court process. The employment of properly trained security guards, who are rehearsed in threat assessment, will ensure that future security officers are able to handle any crisis that may occur. This includes the effective use of communication equipment, proper weapons training and new technologies that are implemented. The employing of degreed peace officers as administrative staff, who have a working knowledge of security systems and policing; that are familiar with the software used, and any hardware that is required to provide a safe court environment, ensures that security processes and procedures will be followed. Storing of information is important when building databases to control the flow of information within the court system and making sure that information is secure, obtainable and available to all jurisdictions is not only beneficial in the court process but should be a priority to ensure that the system does not become overloaded. This includes the creation and updating of all proper forms, documentation, and the incorporation of any digital media that is needed to complete the judiciary process; plus the technical support and communication infrastructure to manage all the information. Finally, the proper training for court staff on how to access all information, customer service in providing the appropriate assistance and the relaying of proper information to the public and for all justice system practitioners and service providers. Web based education is a consistent way to ensure that all court personnel receive the same standard of training in core subjects. Greater Availability of Community Programs Having readily available resources to provide those who have addiction problems or commit crimes due to addiction, such as inpatient/outpatient programs, drug court and probation programs that teach recovery and coping skills, and providing transportation vouchers to those defendants who do not own or have vehicles. Although some courts have drug courts, the establishment of a mental health court could substantially help with caseload. With qualified treatment providers and caseworkers who are educated in mental illness (with or without drug abuse training) can provide information to the court through home visits, doctor office visits, and the tracking of those individuals who are required to be on medication and in treatment programs while on probation, thus being able to use the information gathered to forecast defendants whose criminal actions are due to some sort of mental illness. Overcoming Language Barriers Providing improved court interpreter services through technology will allow for greater range of court interpreter services. Language barriers are one of the biggest issues with the illegal immigrant population. It is imperative that court system recruit interpreters who are fluent in many languages, so that those who do not have a good command of the law are able to understand what crime has been committed and the punishment for that action, why that particular action is a crime, and to ensure that they understand the court process in relation to their rights. Judges, attorneys and client representative should also be trained in several languages or be given access to a competent interpreter so that nothing can be lost in translation. Through the use of technology, such as Skype, court interpreters can instruct, educate and disseminate information so that those who do not understand will have some comprehension of the resources available to them and the sentencing/punishment that is handed down. References Robinson, M. B. (2009). Justice blind? Ideals and realities of American criminal justice (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ. Pearson/Prentice Hall.

Three categories of textile

Three categories of textile 1.1 Background Study â€Å"Waste is defined as anything left over or superfluous, as excess material or by-products, anything rejected or useless, worthless or unwanted.† D Tanya and K Kathy, 1997. They also depicts three categories of textile and apparel waste in ‘Textile waste Lifecycle model namely, post-producer waste generated by manufacturers, pre-consumer waste generated by retailers and post-consumer waste generated by the public. For this research paper, post-producer waste is taken into consideration. In specific, denim waste from the supply chain industries is studied for the purpose of its management. Since Denim fabric is considered to be the toughest fabric and constitutes the maximum amount of cotton which is considered to be organic in nature. Thus it is appropriate to find its recovery system so that no denim waste is land filled or burnt in the atmosphere. In the research paper-â€Å"The Textile waste Lifecycle† in Clothing and Textile Research Journal, author discusses the growing attention towards solid waste management by textile and apparel industry to environmental responsibility and expanded efforts to reduce disposal of post-producer textile waste in landfills. Authors said that the Environmental awareness and subsequently the word â€Å"recycling† has been in common usage for 25 years. But finding ways of recycling textile waste as an alternative to landfill disposal is an ecological problem on which textile/apparel industry is already working. Though they are still working on to develop a Textile waste Lifecycle model to reduce the textile waste in all the categories of textile and apparel waste. Authors while introducing in the above research paper discusses that the vast majority of solid waste stream is contributed by post-producer waste from the industry including fiber producers, textile mills and fabric and apparel manufacturers. Therefore, â€Å"Recycling, a large component of the bigger environmental movement, has grown rapidly in recent years†. (D Tanya and K Kathy, 1997) He also mentioned that the interest towards recycling is due to many factors including green consumerism, rising waste disposal cost, an explosion of legislative initiatives and mandates and the evolution of waste recycling into smoothly running commodity industry. Discussed in the 2nd International conference of Textile Research Division under the topic â€Å"Textile waste-material Recycling† by (G. M. EI-Nouby, H. A. Azzam, S. T. Mohamed, and M. N. El-Sheikh, 2005) that large amounts of cloth scrap, clippings and loose sample scraps are created at â€Å"cut and sew† plants where garments are manufactured. These scraps of waste-material comprises of 15-30% of all types of garments manufactured. Also in the recent study in the research paper â€Å"Recycling Textile waste-Newer Dimensions† by S. Aishwarya(2010) found the total cotton fiber consumption is estimated to be 26 lakh tons per year, of which approximately 2,10, 000 of cotton dust which is a micro dust and also considered as a non-saleable waste which is produced during yarn manufacturing process. Due to environmental concerns, a large number of companies are currently developing manufacturing processes using alternative materials for their products and seeking new markets for the sub-products of their first-line production as said by the authors M.G Gomes, R. Fangueiro, C.Gonilho (2006). They also points that due to the higher prices for raw materials and man-made fibers, it will be utmost importance to recycle some of the waste. Linked to this, they also states that companies who want to stay in business have to be good environmentalists. But major issues facing the recycling efforts of Textile and apparel manufacturers are lack of market for recycled products and cost of processes as discussed by (D Tanya and K Kathy, 1997). They also did industry research which has indicated that small companies may have less waste to recycle which makes the cost of recycling too high. The problem is in particular concern for small manufactures. Therefore, it is important to find the cost-benefit of textile recycling industry. Larney and Annette, 2004 has also investigated the South African textile industry in regard to recycling practices, interest and willingness of the manufacturers and the problems barriers to enter the market for recycled products. The questionnaire and mail survey was done considering 103 textile manufactures including small, medium and large textile manufactures. Out of 10 statements asked in the questionnaire, rank wise, most of the companies would purchase carpets from recycled textile materials, then they said that they would manufacture apparel or other textile products made from recycled textile materials and so on. The last rank was given to the statement that â€Å"It is not economically feasible for my company to recycled textile material to produce new apparel or other textile products.† and â€Å"It is always more expensive for my company to use recycled textile materials then it is to use new textile materials in the production of apparel or other textile product s†. On the other hand, companies agreed to the fact that market strategy that creates a strong ultimate demand is an appropriate strategy to use with apparel or other textile products made from recycled textile materials. The research concluded that uncertainty of market strategies could be the economic barriers, as textile recycling is not cost effective in general even though most industries advised the strong trade demand through market strategy because then only the market would be moved forward. Therefore, it is still important to identify applications of textile waste apart from landfilling the waste which is considered as the major gap in the industry. Therefore, for the purpose of this research, it is important to find considerable denim waste (denim fabric which is constitutes the maximum cotton consumption and is considered to be organic in nature) from the industry which can be further analyzed to find its various applications (which means its recovery options) and the result may help in building â€Å"return service† for yarn manufacturers/denim manufacturers through denim apparel manufactures locally. 1.2 Project Objectives The objectives are to study the options for the recovery and recycling the denim wastes and to find the economic feasibility and opportunities by applying this to the supply chain from denim manufacturing through the Denim apparel manufacturing. In this the following objectives can be confirmed: To assess the amount of denim waste generated by the Denim apparel manufacturers To study what happens to denim waste and price considerations of rag dealers locally To analyze the various applications of denim waste reuse/recycling To recommend a â€Å"return service† for denim scrap locally CHAPTER-2 LITERATURE REVIEW Literature Review is analyzing previous researchers work to have an idea of what other people have done in the same area of study. The project revolves around classifying the prospects of industrial denim waste and its cost efficiency. Following sections of Literature Review discusses objective-wise researchers study. Firstly it will talk about the study on the amount of waste estimated in Textile Industry, then it reveals whether informal or any government organizations are involved in recycling/reuse practices, then finding the applications of denim recycling and finally looking at the cost effectiveness of the same. The Literature Review involve research papers of renowned authors, or any other articles from Internet or otherwise. It will involve Secondary data which means the data is collected from Secondary source all over the world and then summarized in the form of my own analyses author wise in each section. Although in Chapter-4, data collection in the form of Primary data is viewed by consulting Denim apparel manufacturers, rag dealers and recyclers to identify and facilitate the objectives of the research paper. 2.1 The amount and forms of Post-producer textile waste generated or recycled In the research paper-â€Å"The Textile Waste Lifecycle†, the authors revealed that the vast majority of solid waste stream is contributed by post-producer waste from the industry. For textiles, it was estimated between 1.5 and 1.9 billion pounds of new fiber and fabric wastes annually by fiber producers, textile mills and fabric manufactures in USA. Out of 2% of the total nations annual post-producer textile waste(which amounts to 11.2 billion tons), apparel manufacturers waste contributed 450 to 600 million tons annually in the form of apparel cuttings. Media attention to various U.S industries potential for ecological damage as contribution to sold waste stream has pressured the textile industry to respond with alternatives other than landfilling waste according to the author. And this environmental pressure has had dramatic impact the last ten years as companies have added environmentally sound management philosophy. Therefore, the authors analyzed a â€Å"Textile Waste L ifecycle model† which is also shown in Figure: 1 to show the integration of post-producer and post-consumer textile waste with resalable and reusable new products. Also the model contribute to the philosophy that while everything must go somewhere, there are more options than landfilling. The above figure of Textile Waste Lifecycle Model reveals that Post-producer textile waste may be disposed of in three ways. Firstly, it may enter the solid waste stream and end in landfills or waste incinerators. The second option is converting the solid waste into energy to power the manufacturing process. The third option is to sell the waste to textile waste recycler who shreds garments, fabric or fiber waste into new fiber. The author also quoted various examples of textile recyclers in order to establish the fact that what they are doing with the post-producer textile waste which is discussed in section 2.2.Authors in the end of this research paper provides further framework for further dialogue about what constitutes the textile waste and finding means by which textile waste is or can be disposed. Likewise, many avenues for further study were established. There are still voids and gaps in the market so as to understand what constitutes the textile waste. Therefore authors in this research left initiatives for further finding the applications of various textile waste which forms the part of the objectives of research paper. Another recent survey by T.H. Christensen, G. Bhander, H. Lindvall, A.W. Larsen, T. Fruergaard, A. Damgaard, S. Manfredi, A. Boldrin, C. Riber and M. Hauschild, 2008 is also done to calculate the volume of textile production waste materials and the recycling level by Lithuanian textile, clothing and soft furniture production enterprise. 18 textile companies, 12 apparel industry companies and 10 companies of soft furniture production have been surveyed by questioning. A significant part of textile production waste is land filled. The transportation of textile waste for land filling requires additional investments including the continuously increasing pressure of taxation for waste disposal and transportation costs. With the EU Environmental Law getting stricter, the process of waste land filling will become more loss-making. The Resolution prohibits burying of all recyclable waste, including textile waste, from the year 2015 and prohibits burying of all residual waste, except the case s when the burying is inevitable or a danger arises, from the year 2025. The overall waste amount throughout the entire cycle of a textile fabric production from yarn manufacturing to fabric sewing may constitute upto 40-50% of raw materials quantity. On the other hand, the amount of textile waste generated in the apparel industry companies covers the interval of 3-22% in proportion to the raw materials used. The main part of all the waste (62.5%) consists of textile material cuttings. These are cuttings of different size with dyeing defects, stained, fine knitted fabric waste, woven fabric borders, weighted cuttings of woven fabrics (0.1-2mm length), and cutouts from garment sewing industry. Following Table-1 shows the waste amount and recycling degree according to enterprise type TABLE-1 Enterprise type Overall amount of waste, t Average amount of waste, t Amount of waste recycle/ used in co.,t Amount of waste solid given away, t Amount of waste solid transported for land filling, t Textile Production 1671.2 93 343.7 815.1 513.1 Apparel 1001.0 83 0 299.6 701.4 The research has shown the amount of waste produced by different industries, and how much it is reused, recycled and hw much thrown in landfill.Figure:2, 3 proves that more than half of the textile industry waste goes in the landfill and very less amount of waste is recycled. This research has revealed that how waste is going to put pressure on each and every industry, as they are already spending on transportation of waste and in future it is said that they also have to pay taxes for this waste disposal. By 2015 government will not allow to dispose off the waste in the landfill. The research only looked at the waste, its amount and how it is going to create problems in the future. But there are no ways how to recover or recycle is discussed. In 2005, the 2nd Conference of Textile Research Division already discussed â€Å"Ways and Means† to Textile -waste Recycling by authors, G. M. EI-Nouby, H. A. Azzam, S. T. Mohamed, and M. N. El-Sheikh which is discussed in following section 2.2 Therefore, from the above section it can be concluded that there is no proper study which has been witnessed by Denim textile/or apparel industry in specific. Though there are lot of studies done by various textile/apparel industries irrespective of specific industries such as Denim industry to identify the amount of waste and its further prospects. 2.2 The Recyclers and theirRecycling applications of Textile waste The 2nd Conference meetings Journal-â€Å"Textile Waste-Material Recycling†-Part-I- Ways and Means† includes the extensive coverage of previous work. It also attempts to convert textile waste material into useful forms, non-woven fabrics or spun yarns. The methods and machines used in textile waste material recycling were also covered to increase the ability of Egyptian textile industry to compete in the era of open markets and globalization. The above figure: 5 show the technical solution and non-technical solution to manage textile waste which is also discussed in Figure: 1 by Domina and Kathy to integrate the textile waste among all the categories including post-producer waste, pre-consumer waste and post-consumer waste. But here the question arises that what recyclers are doing in order to find various applications of the textile waste material. Therefore, D, Tanya and K Kathy, 1997 in the research paper-â€Å"The Textile Waste Lifecycle† conducted a survey and found various textile recyclers and what they are actually doing to reduce post-producer textile waste. Following are the textile recyclers namely, Crown Textile recycler, where fiber makes up 60% of the all solid waste, of which 95% is recycled as energy Leigh Fibers Inc., a textile and apparel waste recycler that purchases bundled textile waste such as carding, fabric scraps and thread, shreds waste into fibers which are then sold. Eco Fiber Canada, Inc. makes cotton yarn from fiber and fabric waste to be then made into a variety of apparel products. Levis Strauss and company has recycled 400000 pounds of denim scrap into paper Cone mills recycle polypropylene wrapping from cotton bales, polyester and other materials. Russell Corp. rebales its cutting waste for resale or returns it into fiber for use in spinning Burlington recycles old jeans and denim scrap into new denim fabric which Levis Strauss makes into Jeans According to the survey, both the authors reports that 73% of the post-producer fabric waste is recycled annually, approximately 150 million pounds are reprocessed into fiber, 200 million pounds are sorted by color and exported to respun, and 100 million pounds are used to make wipers. They also said that due to the difficulty in separating laminated fabrics and high usage of blended yarns and fabrics, only about 2% of industrial fabric waste are recycled. Since our project aims at Denim waste recycling, there should be no difficulty of such kind as in blended yarns and fabrics. One of the Denim Return Project done by Bradmill Group in Denim Park in 1999 revealed that Denim waste are generated such as warp tailings, denim selvage, fabric waste and other smaller waste. The group also found the opportunities for the recycling and reuse for denim wastes and to provide this to a totally a recycling activity for their group as well as fulfilling a need for waste reduction at Denim Park facility. The opportunities of denim reuse that Bradmill Group investigated are: Shredding and Recycling into a new spinning operation Shredding and Reuse as a fiber base for paper and cardboard Sorting and packaging for sale locally and overseas Briquetting for combustion in Bradmill Undare boilers Shredding and use as filling material for a range of non-woven applications including wadding for furniture, cushions, pillows and car wadding Shredding and use in mushroom production Shredding for use as an absorbent material(mainly for oil spills) Use of large scraps as polishing rags Certain aspects are identified by Bradmill, 1999 which affect the recyclability of denim waste which are as follows: Fiber length, which is identified as critical to the end application. Short length fibers which are less than 3mm cannot be respun, whereas long length fibers are suitable for respinning Impurities (such as oil, dirt, vegetable and metal contamination), is another critical aspect of fiber reuse which can cause serious hazards in reprocessing. Sizing is a starchy material which is required during weaving operations. Therefore, waste fabrics/fibers require desizing as Sizing will affect fiber absorbency, which will reduce its effectiveness in oil spill collection, paper production, and may reduce its usability in other non-woven applications. Lastly, Color in the fiber can have a positive or negative effect on recyclability. Since residual colors in denim fibers many affect the final product if it has a particular application For example: high quality white paper. Some recycling operations require use colored fibers sorted into colors for respinning. Careful color mixing of fibers to achieve specified colors without requiring dyeing. This type of operation requires cost-cutting input of approximately 250 tonnes of waste per month whereas Bradmill produces approximately 20 tonnes per month. A basic breakdown of reuse fiber requirements is discussed in Table: 2 according to the survey done by Bradmill. Again the major issues facing the recycling efforts of textile and apparel manufacturers are lack of market for recycled products and cost of processing as also discussed by the famous authors D Tanya and K Kathy, 1997 Therefore, there are still gaps in the market to find the cost-benefit (or cost effectiveness) of the opportunities of Denim reuse/recycling business. In the section 2.3 certain researches have been compiled to analyze the full cost and cost-benefit of recycling business of solid waste management. TABLE: 2 APPLICATION FIBER CHARACTER SHORT LONG COLORED SIZED METAL CONTAM. Respinning for colored yarn à ¼ à ¼ Desizing may be required Paper Production à ¼ Blue is ok(may be Black) Desizing may be required Paper board Production à ¼ May require Bleaching à ¼ Shredding for fill à ¼ à ¼ à ¼ à ¼ Shredding for Absorbent à ¼ à ¼ à ¼ à ¼ Combustion à ¼ à ¼ à ¼ à ¼ à ¼ Non-woven à ¼ à ¼ May require Bleaching May require Desizing Rags Scraps 8cm. sq.(Min.) à ¼ à ¼ N/A Mushroom Production à ¼ à ¼ à ¼ à ¼ Another recent research by S. Aishwariya in the research paper â€Å" Recycling Textile waste-Newer dimensions(2010) found that willow waste(which is a short fiber waste considered as non-salable and also just disposed off as landfills) in India according to the unforeseen statistical report amounts to 80,000-85,000 tones per annum. Therefore, this non-resalable can be collected, processed and converted into biocompost by the use of vermicomposting and enzymes technology which can be a very convincing effort to reduce and recycle waste. â€Å"Vermicomposting in the broad sense can be termed as waste minimization which is a very effective technology for managing solid organic wastes, into highly beneficial and valuable compost that can be used as supplement to increase soil fertility.† 2.3 Cost Analysis of Textile Recycling business B Margaret and P Paul, 1998 talks about the real cost of waste in the research paper -â€Å"The waste minimization of food and drink industry† and explains that â€Å"The cost of waste is not only the cost of getting rid of it, but also the value of what you are getting rid of. According to the authors, the real cost of waste can be divided into two categories, the visible costs and the hidden cost. But it is said that in the apparel industry, efforts are made towards waste minimization but still there is a lot of waste generated as discussed in section 2.1 of this chapter. Because, nowadays automated grading and optimized placements of garment pieces within a marker are powerful, but also optimizing the mapping of the markers to the different rolls of fabric is the key to optimizing fabric consumption and lowering costs. (Retrieved from a solution case study â€Å"Integrated Solutions Increase Efficiency and Reduce Waste in Clothing Manufacturing† by REACH technologies) Therefore, S Michael, D Mathew, M Scott, G Cathleen, E Matt, G Beth, 1997 of the â€Å"Division of Pollution Prevention and Environmental Assistance(DPPEA)† by the department of Environment, Health and Natural Resources conducted a study on â€Å"Analysis of the Full Costs of Solid Waste Management for North Carolina local governments.† The study found that the cost-effectiveness of recycling program (compared to solid waste collection and disposal) correlate the local governments recycling rate i.e. the local governments that achieve high recycling rates are more likely to operate recycling programs that are less expensive per ton than solid waste collection and disposal. The Full cost Analysis (FCA) helps local governments understand expenditures associated with collection, disposal and recycling so that the true costs and benefits of each sectors are understood. The study presents cost analyses by 15 North Carolina local governments and concentrated on cost of residential solid waste collection, solid waste disposal and The study presents and analyzes the quantitative from the completed full cost analysis worksheet of residential solid waste collection, disposal and recycling. All governments used the same methodology of identifying the Full cost work sheet as a standard format. To determine the efficiency measurements, cost-per-ton figures for 15 North Carolina local governments are taken as a sample of study. The Recycling cost includes the cost of collection, processing and marketing of materials. In the Figure: 6, It can be seen that recycling cost appears to be most costly solid waste management option per ton. This comparison is explored in more detail in Fig: 7 which show that relative cost effectiveness of recycling compared to solid waste collection and disposal cost is directly correlated to local government recycling rates. Finally, the research concluded three tangible conclusions: Full cost analysis provides a foundation for budgetary decisions Recycling can cost as little or less than solid waste management Local governments that achieve high recycling rates are more likely to operate recycling programs that are less expensive per ton than solid waste collection and disposal. That means there is a positive correlation between recycling rates and low recycling costs (compared to solid waste management) for 15 participating local governments. Therefore, from the above three sections discussed in this chapter, it can be concluded that a lot of studies are being done to find the opportunities of textile waste recycling and finding the positive correlation between recycling rates and low recycling cost. But, there is still a gap in the market to identify and analyze the opportunities of denim waste recycling and finding the best possible alternative applications of denim waste reuse in India. CHAPTER-3 METHODOLOGY The project waste management in the Apparel Industry is taken because of the global scenario. So in order to contribute to the noble cause this project will assess the amount of waste in the Denim apparel industry in specific and emphasize on the alternative use of Denim apparel waste. For carrying out the project, data needs to be collected and this can be divided into Primary and Secondary data collection. For this project, Primary data is the data (or information) which is collected from the Denim apparel Industries in Delhi/NCR and other textile waste members in the supplychain Delhi/NCR and other areas. For collecting Secondary data, information from e-books, e-journal articles etc. will be require to find out what all researches are carried out in this field, what is the result of this researches, how denim apparel waste can be an input for any other industry, which areas have not been thoroughly covered etc. Objective:1 To assess the forms and amount of denim waste generated by the Denim apparel manufacturers Sampling Frame: 3 Denim apparel Manufacturers Sample Technique: Convenience and Judgmental technique Research Design: Descriptive Data Collection: Primary data collection(Case Study) to analyze whether there is a considerable amount of waste in the Denim apparel Industry and if yes, then finding the various forms of Denim waste (through photography) for further analyzing the scope for the same Objective:2 To find the required information from recyclers in India Sampling Frame: 2 Textile/Denim waste recyclers in Delhi/NCR Sample Technique: Convenience technique Research Design: Descriptive/Exploratory Data Collection: Primary Data Collection(Depth Interview) to identify what is happening to the denim/textile waste collected, whats the market and future scope. (Photography)to show variety of denim waste collected by recyclers, the working environment and processes involved in their premises. Objective: 3To identify and analyze the opportunities out of Denim waste Recycling Sampling Frame: Data collected from Denim recyclers and Denim apparel Manufacturers Sample Technique: Judgmental technique Research Design: Descriptive/Exploratory Data Collection: Primary data collection (In-depth Interview) from recyclersto understand the processes involved at their end. Objective:4To recommend a â€Å"return service† for Denim scrap locally Sampling Frame: Data collection from Textile waste Recyclers Sample Technique: Judgmental technique Research Design: Descriptive/Exploratory Data Collection: Primary Data Collection (Case Study)- to finally recommend a return service which might help in adding something to the environment Objective:1 To assess the forms and amount of denim waste generated by the Denim apparel manufacturers This objective focuses on identifying the amount and forms of Denim waste generated by Denim apparel industry. Therefore, a pilot study was done in order to calculate the amount of denim waste in each department which is shown in Table-3 below. And forms of wastes are shown in different departments through photographs followed by Table-3 TABLE-3 Denim Manufacturers Name Department Waste Amount (in % out of 100% on an average) Forms of Waste